In Erikson's theory, which stage describes the toddler period?

• A. Trust vs Mistrust
• B. Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
• C. Initiative vs Guilt
• D. Industry vs Inferiority

Answer: (B)

The toddler years are all about developing independence and feeling in control of personal actions. In Erikson’s framework, this is Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt, typically around ages 1 to 3. When caregivers support self-sufficiency—letting a child try dressing, feeding, or toilet training and providing a safe space to explore—the child gains autonomy and a sense of will. If independence is met with harsh criticism, over-control, or humiliation, the child may develop shame and doubt about their abilities, leading to dependence on others. The other stages aren’t aligned with the toddler period: trust vs mistrust is infancy, initiative vs guilt is early childhood but a bit past the toddler years, and industry vs inferiority occurs in school age.